University of Nebraska Program of Development 1920 and After

THE UNIVERISTY of NEBRASKA PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT University Seal 1920 and After

A PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNIVERISTY OF NEBRASKA, PRESENTED BY THE ALUMNI; ENDORSED BY THE BOARD OF REGENTS; ADDRESSED TO NEBRASKA'S CITIZENS, ITS YOUTH AND ITS FUTURE

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA PROGRAM OF DEVELOPMENT

"AN ALL-NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY!"

PUBLISHED WITH THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS

LINCOLN NEBRASKA

1920

Introductory Letters

The Program

I. The University Seal

II. The Liberal Arts

III. The Professional Schools

IV. University Enterprises

V. Student Life

VI. Campus Expansion

VII. The Immediate Need

The Alumni Association

The University of Nebraska [?]

April 1920 To the Chancellor and the Board of Regents:

The Alumni of the University of Nebraska have been organized with the double purpose of maintaining by an organization their connection with the University and of [?] the University where their aid is possible and practicable. It is our sincere belief that in a peculiar way we have the interests and welfare of the institution at heart and that we by our [?] connections with the people of the state and elsewhere have the power to turn this interest to the growth and development of the university.

The present school year is in many ways a critical one for the university: not only does it mark the beginning of the second half century of its career but it sees the university responding to the needs of a reconstruction of its curriculum and faculty and a rendering of its aims as a result of the war in which both students and faculty played an honorable part. The economic problems it faces, the new demands of specialized of technical training, the emphasis of the old tradition of liberal culture, these did said other difficulties the regents, chancellor and faculties have to face, make them not an unfitting time for the alumni again to come forward with a [?] of our profound interest in our Alma Mater.

We know that the minds of those in authority are looking forward to the future of the institution and to the place it should occupy in the state as the climax and crown of the state's educational system. We know that our aid at this juncture if freely offered will be as fully accepted. And we know that beside us there are thousands of persons in the state and elsewhere, who though not graduate of the university, are its friends and well wishers.

In consequence, with no thought or asking for more than you will gladly grant, with no [?] or criticism on our part, we ask that a clear and well rounded program of the policy or development of the university be set forth. We believe that such a statement will aid the university in a multitude of direct and indirect ways, but above all by giving us, the sons and daughters of the university, and others, lie patrons and friends, a definite purpose which by united action may more easily be accomplished.

Your interest in the university is also our interest. In strong belief that the time has come for a more cordial cooperation between, alumni, friends, faculty, students. regents and chancellor, I am.

Yours faithfully,

April 1930.

To the President of the Alumni Association.

Dear Mr. Van Ordeale:

I am more than gratified by the cordial letter which you in your official capacity as president of the Alumni Association of the University of Nebraska have written to me and to the Board of Regents. The offer of your cooperation and that of the many friends of this institution is [?] heartily accepted for the university knows that it no more loyal supporters than its own graduates. The problem of the growth and development of an institution so large and complex as a state university is not one that can be solved by those who are placed in its executive control. And it is precisely because I see a large service which the university can perform to the state in the critical times that lie ahead of us that I welcome the aid of each and all of the friends of larger deeper and fuller education.

With the aid of alumni and faculty I have therefore drawn up a statement of the chief activities of the university as it is on now organized and its needs for the future. In this you will find as in summary our ideals of what university education in Nebraska can and should be with its emphasis as now on training the even implied ideal that it is not only what a graduate can do but also what he is that is of highest significance to the welfare of any democratic community. Hence the needs of liberal culture cannot be lost sight of even in the present stress of high efficiency and great technical skill.

The Regents of the University elected by the state to supervise and control the policy of the university have given the program which follows their careful consideration. They have been in touch with its formulation and have assisted with their advice. Their acceptance of the program is by formal act and appears in a formal letter adjoined to this.

In conclusion I may add that it is our sincere belief that the program is for a state so situated as Nebraska an eminently practical one. There may be and probably are details that time and new circumstances will compel us to alter. Some of the details may seem at present to be hardly more substantial than dreams but nevertheless other institutions in a not more favorable situation than ours are beginning to realize their dreams. If the state [?] a state university that shall keep pace with its neighbors it must dream large and make its dreams come true.

Yours very sincerely THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN BOARD OF REGENTS

The Regents of the University of Nebraska have studied with pleasure the statement of the Program of Development for the University prepared by the Chancellor and members of the faculty and the Alumni Association. It lays down a comprehensive and well balanced plan of growth which if carried out will without a doubt give to the state a university of which they may justify be proud. In its general outlines they give it their heartiest endorsement. Circumstances may compel the alteration of some of its details but they hope that the realization of the program may be rapid for it is their conviction that it is only by means of a general understanding of the aims of the university and of the service it can render to the state that the state will awake to a full realization of its responsibility to its chief institution. The board of Regents here take the opportunity to thank the Alumni Association for the interest it is taking in the University's future and thus officially express their hope that the spirit of mutual help may be fruitful of much future good to their Alma Mater.

PROGRAM "AN ALL-NEBRASKA UNIVERSITY"

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA is an "all-Nebraska" school. That is what is meant by its being a "state" university. It is chartered under a provision of the Constitution of the state. The site of its first campus was fixed upon and laid out along with those of the Capitol and other state institutions when the city of Lincoln was planned as the capital city of Nebraska. Its first hall-old "U Hall" dear to the hearts of all its graduates was built of bricks wagon-hauled from as far as the Missouri River and year by year as it has grown in size and usefulness other halls have been erected and other campuses added not only in Lincoln but elsewhere in the state each addition and each change being made under the authority of a direct action by the Legislature of Nebraska. The University is indeed authorized by the state built by that state maintained by the state and it exists for the service of the state in the fullest possible sense. It is the state's University.

Begin in this broad and complete sense a public enterprise the interest and policies of the University are necessarily the interests and policies of the citizens of Nebraska. The interpretation of the interests and the shaping of the policies under the state constitution are formally left to the Board of Regents directly elected by the people but as in any other matter delegated by the public will the duty of open and clear statement is a part of the University's responsibility to their electors. The University owes to the public which supports it full explanation of the program whereby it is endeavoring to meet the public's needs not only in what it is doing but also in what it is preparing to do. This program must be worthy of the citizens of Nebraska. It must be worthy of those citizens of the past the founders of the state who had the vision and the imagination to break the prairie sods for the erection of an institution of higher learning even while the adjacent sods were still being broken for their first crops of corn. It must be worthy of the citizenry of the present worthy of the wealth the enterprise the patriotism the idealism of the people of one of the great states of the American Union at once fortunate in the security of its resources in the health of its public life. It must be worthy of the generations that are to come and capable of meeting their needs and aspirations as the needs and aspirations of our generation have been met by the provident anticipation of the fathers of the state.

The University of Nebraska has just passed its fiftieth anniversary and its fifty years have more than justified it to the people of Nebraska. But it cannot rest with past accomplishment. It is an institution of the state a part of the life of the people and it cannot look forward to a growth which will reflect less than the fullest enrichment of the public life of which such an institution is capable. Necessarily its undertakings are many and complex and they involved policies which must be shaped to cover the activities of long series of years. It is only by the possession of long-term policies of development that the University can effectively serve the state. It is only through the understanding of such policies that the public will willingly support the University. A University of Nebraska Program of Development is therefore a fundamental need. It is here offered.

1. THE UNIVERSITY SEAL The seal of the University of Nebraska was designed by Allen B. Benton its first chancellor. It was designed to symbolize the form and scope of the University and it is a tribute to the prophetic insight of the designer that after fifty years this first conception could hardly be improved upon as the emblem of the institution. The seal is constructed of three concentric circles. The outer contains the inscription Universitas Nebraskensis and the date of the granting of its charter February 15 1869. The unity and comprehensiveness of the institution is here denoted and its relation to the commonwealth. Within this circle is a second divided by seven pillars into seven compartments each containing a symbol of one of the college or schools which it was hoped that the University might develop the flag denoting the Military department and loyalty to the United States the palette symbolizing the Fine Arts the mortar and pestle token of Medicine the surveyor's instruments for Civil Engineering the shock of wheat sign of Agriculture the locomotive for Mechanical Engineering and the scales of justice emblematic of the Law. These are the vocational schools and service departments which it was conceived that the University should develop and all are now part and portion of the institution as it were grown from and surrounding the central and first college that of the Arts and Sciences which is betokened by an open book within the innermost circle of all and by its circumscribing inscription Litteris dedicata et omnibus artibus. The whole design and the whole conception indicates the central dependence of professional education upon liberal education and of the life of the whole University upon the life of the College of Arts and Sciences.

The Arts College is indeed and must always be the heart of the University. It is not only the primary college in time of establishment but also primary in the number of its students and in the fundamental character of its work. Man's earliest and latest interests the satisfaction of which makes for personal and social safety and progress are knowledge of himself his fellows and his environment. The satisfaction of these interest are of the essence of liberal study and there was never a time when lack of their cultivation was fraught with more peril than today. The world is restless and uncertain national and social ideas waver and blur and the leaders of men standing peculiar need of all the light that learning can give. It is liberal learning which gives the University its title to leadership and it is through the cultivation of this learning that the State of Nebraska renders the highest service of which it is capable to American and to Americanism.

Upon the foundation of liberal instruction rests the superstructure of professional and technical training represented by the special colleges and schools of the University. As indicated by the University seal the position of the several professional schools and colleges of the University is intimately related to the functions of the College of Arts and Sciences. The college gives much of the work which makes the various forms of technical education possible either directly in the offering of courses necessary to the vocations through such departments as Mathematics Chemistry English Biology Psychology or indirectly in preparing students for entrance into the vocational work. The preparatory courses leading to Law and Medicine are given from work offered in the Arts College while the greater part of the work called for in the Teachers' College and the School of Fine Arts is from the arts and sciences. The Graduate College is the source of the best-prepared teachers in all of the colleges and is the instrumentality for encouraging higher work in all and it is the educational trunk as it were represented by the Arts College and the Graduate College which maintains the vocational branches in something approaching standardized relations: the liberal courses are the form givers for all.

In developing vocational and professional education the policy of the University is to maintain this natural and profitable relationship with the liberal colleges and to encourage the separation of vocational from the parent schools only when the advantages of separate administration (always costly) are apparent. Where the existing colleges afford all the necessary opportunity for professional training no new administrative agency need be established but when from time to time special lines of work call for special lines of organization new college perforce make their appearance developing their own particular needs with their own mode of growth.

II. THE LIBERAL ARTS

That the central service given by public education in the arts and sciences may not diminish that it may indeed grow to meet the growing need there is necessary a clear-cut working toward the fulfillment of present requirements and a clear-cut consciousness of those which the future is sure to bring. Among these are:

ORGANIZATION-The College of Arts and Sciences has during the past year made notable advances in the way of reorganization. Several of its closely related departments have been consolidated into larger and more comprehensive departments to their mutual advantage the course of study has been broadened by the addition of a number of long-needed subjects the group requirements have been reformulated in line with those of the more advanced colleges of the country and perhaps of greatest ultimate significance the whole work of the college has been re-defined by the separation of the Freshman-Sophomore and the Junior-Senior years respectively into a Junior Division and a Senior Division of college work. Other steps looking to a still clearer definition are under way among them the reorganization of the means of advice to students the provision of special encouragement for student scholarship. For this latter purpose in particular there are needed endowments of undergraduate scholarships as well as prizes for work of distinction. It is hoped that from time to time friends of the University will be pleased to add to Nebraska's all to limited prize list.

FACULTY-Valuable additions to the Arts faculty have been made during the year and it is not too much to say that the morale of the College is on a distinctly improved plane. Nevertheless there is need of further additions especially of instructors for the ever-increasing classes of the earlier college years. In several departments such as English the laboratory sciences the modern languages this need is acute. There should be tutorial provision at least to such an extent that no class of the Junior Division of the college should be compelled to comprise more than fifty students to the section. Competency of instruction is the first requisite of college work it cannot be maintained with the present pressure of students and limitation of faculty.

DEPARTMENTS-At present the College of Arts and Sciences comprises nineteen departments: Ancient and Modern languages English Language and Literature Mathematics Philosophy the natural sciences including Astronomy Bacteriology Botany Chemistry Entomology Geology Physics Zoology the social sciences including History Political Science Political Economy the department of Fine Arts and the departments of Military Sciences and of Physical Training. The future should see other departments added to these. The time should come with the rapidly widening horizon of the United States to the west when Oriental life and languages should be represented by competent instruction for the ever-growing number of young Nebraskans who look beyond the Pacific for their future. Graduates of Nebraska have made honorable records in Japan China India others will follow their footsteps and the University should be even more helpful than it has been in the past in preparing them for their life's work. Other instruction whose need is foreseen includes special work in Public Health in Journalism in Library work. These are in part developed but there is call for augmented staffs either in the form of added departments or as developments of departments already active.

EQUIPMENT-The provision of equipment rarely keeps pace with the increase in demand. This has notably been true in Nebraska. While the Chemical Laboratory Bessey Hall and Social Sciences have given relief from an almost impossible condition there is still urgent need of lecture halls library and laboratory facilities. These however affect not one college but several it is therefore proper that they be presented under the general subject of campus expansion.

The Nebraska Idea

The foundation of the political life of Nebraska like the foundation of the political life of the whole United States is its free public education. In first conception and in operation the University is the capstone and completion of the state's education system. Chancellor Canfield used to bring this fact home by pointing out that our public school educational scheme is arranged in groups of fours: there are four primary school grades four grammar grades four high school grades and four collegiate grades in the sixteen-year course of schooling which Nebraska provides for its boys and girls. Provision is made for the first four of these and usually for the second four in the distinct schools the high schools provide instruction through grades nine to twelve to the University is left the task of supplying the more complex teaching demanded by the studies of the final group.

This scheme with deviations is true today. It is obvious that with upward advancement in the scale schooling becomes more exacting and expensive. The grammar years cost more than the primary the high school years more than the grammar the college years more than the high school. It is inevitable that such being the case facilities for high school instruction should be more concentrated than for the lower schools and that facilities for collegiate instruction should be more concentrated than the high schools. With the growing power of our local communities for school support the tendency is naturally for the multiplication of the high schools for the extension of their ranges of studies and for the establishment of more thorough preparatory facilities in a greater number of well-distributed centers. And with this broadening of the high school power the strain upon the capstone institution the University in a certain scenes diminished not that its work becomes less but that it is given a freer opportunity of realizing its own most significant functions. For example the University of Nebraska firmly was compelled to offer preparatory courses corresponding to the latter years of high school work with the multiplication of good high schools this has now been dropped.

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At the present time a number of Nebraska's high schools together with the Normal schools and academics are assuming a position where they can give the equivalent of the first collegiate years. The University in dividing its Arts College into a Junior and Senior Division is making formal preparation for the recognition of this equivalence which should be to the mutual advantage of all. For while the higher range of studies locally offered makes Junior collegiate work accessible to many more of the state's youth it also releases the University from something of its burden. This release is just what is making possible the broadening of the University's curriculum to include the two to four years of special and technical work which go with scholarly and professional education. For preparation for life work in many fields there must be added to Chancellor Canfield's sixteen two three or four years more of schooling graduate or vocational and as the University is partially relieved from the more elementary instruction Nebraska gains her own opportunity to provide this high instruction necessary to her civic welfare but hitherto largely obtainable only in the older common wealth or overseas.

Unity and completeness of the public education-this may be called the Nebraska idea. At its foundation the free common-school education growing out of this the high school training and interlocking with the high schools the Normal schools and academics each feeding the colleges of the University central among which is the College of Arts and Sciences while about it like the accessory flames of the lamp of learning cluster the schools and colleges which carry forward the scholarly and professional interests of society. The University never becomes less in more fully assuming her natural duties and it is altogether a credit to the framers of her charter that even with the setting up of the first college provision was made for the establishment of the professional school and the higher forms of graduate instruction which from time to time the Regents of the University have been able to bring about. Thus it is that the program of the University has in the past a it were dovetailed into the needs of the state. No less a correspondence of facility to need can define the University's program for the future.

The Graduate College

The University cannot be a University unless it is first of all a college of liberal arts nor can it be a University unless it is also a contributor to international learning. In last resort it is the scholarship and research represented by the Graduate Colleges which is the reason-for-being of universities. There are no national boundaries to the realm of leaning. Any university which neglects its graduate work falls from the class of leaders.

Nebraska has an honorable record in the past of her graduate school. Drs. Edgren Brace Bessy Davis Wolf to name only some of the dead were men who understood what in its best sense university work should be they made their work of this characters and men and women whom they trained today 15 occupy prominent positions throughout our educational world. But graduate work of the highest grade is exceedingly difficult to maintain. Nebraska has demonstrated her power in the past that the future shall not fall behind it there is necessary a whole-hearted public support of the necessary measures.

FACULTY AND DEPARTMENTS-The reorganization of the present graduate faculty with addition thereto of such scholars and scientists of distinction as may be found available is a matter of no distant need. Along with this should come the encouragement of visiting lectureships from men of eminence invitations to learned societies to meet in Nebraska and provision for their entertainment the institution of visiting examiners and the broader advertising of the work offered. Particular effort should be made to determine what fields of advanced work Nebraska can best afford to encourage (since no University can excel in all lines) and there should be a conscious strengthening of those fields. There should also be a livelier recognition of the value of scientific and scholarly investigation on the part of the University teachers the state should be kept informed of the work accomplished by its University men and forms of material recognition of signal work should be instituted. These things can be done when the people of Nebraska understanding their value give the encouragement of a full public support.

STUDENT LIFE AND ENDOWMENTS-The years devoted to graduate study are to the student the most expensive of all that he gives for he is already prepared to take a full task in the economic life of the state when he enters into this work. Such a fact should be recognized by the public to whom the benefit of this work in the end returns by a special effort to make graduate work attractive and by relieving it of all possible burdens. This is very generally achieved by the establishment of Graduate Scholarships and Fellowships for which Nebraska stands in especial need. There should be solicitation of private benefactions in the form of memorial endowments which should bear the name of the person commemorated and through many generations encourage scientific and scholarly investigation to the benefit of state and nation. Closely related is the need for a Graduate Club with common table for graduate students who should find through this association a mutual inspiration. The value of the Nebraska higher degree is represented by its holders every effort should be made to hold and attract the best candidates.

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III. THE PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

There is a direct relation between the wealth of a state and the ability of its citizens to avail themselves of educational facilities.

Wealth contributes to education but education in turn contributes to wealth. With the increase in wealth of the State of Nebraska the University must accommodate a greater number of students and offer more advanced work. In turn the larger number of better trained graduates sent back into the state by the University increases the wealth of the state and enables her to maintain her position among other states and other countries. A state which does not increase in wealth becomes poorer and a university which does not advance in this dynamic world of the twentieth century inevitably goes backward.

The wealth of Nebraska comes mainly from her farms and ranches the products of which in 1919 reached the enormous total of one billion dollars. Can anyone doubt about the State University made a substantial contribution to this wealth? Certainly this wealth has added to the responsibilities of the University as indicated alone by the increase in number of students.

The Agricultural College has contributed directly to this wealth by the training for practical farming and ranching of many students since its inception fifty years ago. By study of soils and plants and animals improved methods have been introduced to conserve and increase the value of agricultural products. The Engineering College has contributed its share in the improvement of farm machinery of roads of road vehicles and of railroads thus facilitating harvesting and getting the products to market. All departments have contributed and it cannot be said that the contributions of other colleges have been less important because less direct science must first advance into the unknown before the practical art of application can be developed.

The mineral wealth of Nebraska is an unknown quantity and the value of her mineral products has been low as compared with surrounding states. More and more of this wealth is being discovered however and the University is being called upon to perform services in this field similar to those hitherto given to agriculture. Mineral wealth and advance in education go hand in hand.

Manufacturing is adding nearly as much to the wealth of Nebraska as agriculture and is destined to add still more. Anything that promotes agriculture mining manufacture or trade contributes to the wealth of a state and from the four the greatest immediate possibilities for Nebraska undoubtedly lie in manufacturing. For this the Engineering College provides the trained men for research design and production and it studies the industrial processes and operations involved. The college of Business Administration trains men for and makes a study of the business side of manufacturing and of trade. But science must advance before engineering can apply the principles discovered to manufacturing conditions and men must be studied before management can handle the people

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gathered together in factory communities and in this case education in the liberal arts and sciences also contributes to manufacturing possibilities.

In every human community first is the struggle for existence next the acquisition of education which shall aid in that struggle then the acquisition of wealth and finally the leisure to acquire those things which make possible the best use of the wealth accumulated. In a state university there must be broad balance between liberal studies and intensive technical training-the one to contribute directly to increasing the wealth of the state and the other to the enjoyment of the wealth. Neglect of either one will react hurtfully upon the other and it is the office of the professional schools of the University to provide against such neglect.

The College of Agriculture

The College of Agriculture promotes a type of education essential to the building up of a rural citizenship. Since it deals with citizenship it must not neglect the broad foundation of general education fostered by the College of Arts and Sciences. Its problem however is to promote and build up a great rural industry-the great industry of the nation-which supports directly the one third of our population engaged in rural occupations and indirectly as the source of their food supply affect the welfare of every class of society. The development economic laws of production. Under the stimulus of each education the agricultural industry has grown at a marvelous rate: frontiers have been subdued into organized communities waste lands have been made to yield food to supply humans needs workout regions despoiled by ignorance have been made fruitful and the more arable lands have yielded increased tribute ministering to new human needs. Nor can its future be of less significance than has been its past.

Broadly speaking the needs of the farmer for collegiate education exceed the needs of men engaged in narrowly technical industries for they include need for the general education necessary for citizenship and in addition need for knowledge of such technical subjects as relate to production to utilization of land and to the building up of a permanent agricultural industry. Nevertheless the economic limitations placed upon many individuals often make it necessary that technical courses shall run parallel with the general educational courses permitting the man who is limited in facilities to secure some technical knowledge while not entirely neglecting the other advantages. To supply this combination of opportunities is the first function of the College of Agriculture. There are however other offices which it performs. As in other fields of learning new knowledge is continually being acquired making the subject perennially fresh and giving perpetual incentive to investigation and discovery while problems continually arise in farm practice which do not yield to empirical methods. Thus the state requires of the College of Agriculture a three-fold service that of resident instruction that of the in-

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vestigation of new problems bearing upon agricultural industry and that of the adaptation to Nebraska farming of utilities discovered and methods found valuable.

The College is housed upon its own campus on the University Farm in the outskirts of Lincoln. The campus equipment has made rapid advances in recent years yet it is still far from complete. Laboratories for Animal Pathology and Hygiene are now approaching completion but other buildings embraced in the

Caption: College of Agriculture Campus Scene

plans formed a number of years since are as yet not begun. Among them are an Administration and Library building a Gymnasium and Armory a Rural Economics Hall an Agronomy Hall and most picturesque in conception a Hall of Agricultural Achievement which might serve as an auditorium to be dedicated to the men who have done notable service in agriculture during our pioneer days.

Of not less importance is the enlargement of the facilities for the Home Economics work which is centered at the Farm Campus. A whole group of buildings including laboratories for food study and quarters for the teaching of the household arts will be called for in the future. With them and with the development of the other lines of work undertaken by the College there must come in time provision for the housing of students. Here as at the city campus dormitories for women should come first but eventually men's housing also must be provided. Since there is a certain interchange of work on the part of many students both campuses being used in the work of this and other colleges it is altogether essential that a better communication route be opened up between them. Along a boulevard directly connecting the two would inevitably develop in time housing for many students who would find such a location of the greatest convenience.

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Many of the activities of the College of Agriculture are more intimately related to the agricultural industry of the state than to resident instruction in agricultural sciences they belong to the Farm as an experiment station rather than as a college. Nevertheless instruction and research cannot be profitably separated and it is wholly proper to point to the fact that the needs for enlarged resources in agricultural research inevitably imply improved powers of instruction not only in the yearly growth of the body of knowledge to be imparted but even more in securing the presence on the campus of men of science such as successful research demands.

Allied with the College of Agriculture and dependent upon it for guidance and ideals are the Agricultural Schools placed by the state under the University Regents. Of these the School of Agriculture which utilized the equipment of the College of Agriculture in Lincoln is oldest. That at Curtis is a recent addition and will doubtless grow in importance with the years. A third is the contemplated Scottsbluff Irrigation School which because of the nature of the problems of irrigation falls in part to the charge of the University's College of Engineering. All of these enterprises educational and experimental call for material development and intelligent support. Both through education and research they are of great financial moment to Nebraska direct sources of future wealth.

The College of Business Administration

The College of Business Administration is the most recently established and the most rapidly growing of the University's colleges. Its aim is to give to men and women who are to enter the commercial world the same quality of professional training demanded by other callings which involve ranges of exact knowledges and to give this in intimate associations with the liberal ideals of the Arts and Sciences.

The instructional work of this college is developing rapidly but there are other aspects of its work which the future should see realized. Among these is a lively participation in the University's program of Extension Instruction. In cooperation with the Nebraska Retailer's Association short courses of lectures were given during the annual convention of 1917 and the future should see many similar undertakings in connection with business men's associations and chambers of commerce throughout the state. A Bureau of Business Research would find many problems awaiting investigation as those connected with marketing advertising salesmanship costs credit methods of accounting etc. as well as the social problems connected with the relations of labor and employment while through its bulletins it could keep the business men of the state in touch with the most significant of the multitude of changes affecting industrial life which are daily taking place throughout the world. A Foreign Relations division of the work of this college would not only help to prepare young men for business and diplomatic

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work in foreign lands and keep those at home in intelligent touch with the currents of the world's economic life it could also readily attract many young meant to Nebraska from Oriental and Spanish-American communities. Some have already come hither for study of our economic life and methods more would follow for the economic and business lessons most valuable to men living in communities still largely agricultural could best be learned in an agricultural environment of the business life such as the Middle West affords. Nebraska's University is so situated that it might well become the seat of a great international school.

The College of Dentistry

Like the College of Business Administration the College of Dentistry is a recent addition to the University. It has however already won its way to recognition for the high standard of the work achieved. It is in but the initial stage of its development time will define its needs among them certainly that of a building upon the University campus that it may be housed as its importance merits and in the neighborhood of the scientific laboratories and college lecture halls upon which its own work so largely builds.

The College of Engineering

One of the older of the professional colleges which has many times justified itself in the careers of its graduates and in its services to the state is the College of Engineering. Its increase in attendance is still rapid, the present Freshman enrollment being two hundred and fifty per cent heavier than the pre-war average. This College is about to undertake at the request of the legislature the supervision of a special school of Irrigation Engineering at Scottsbluff but its equipment on the campus in Lincoln is still but a fraction of what it should be.

The most urgent need is for a new Electrical Engineering Building to afford facilities that will enable it to keep abreast of the growing applications of electricity. New housing for Civil Engineering and a large and well equipped plan for Applied Mechanics adjacent to rail service are needs which the future should satisfy and which would yield almost immediate returns to that state for structures and equipment of this type are almost at one profit-producing to the community.

Nor should it be forgotten that with this material enlargement must come tutorial expansion. The efficiency of equipment is directly proportionate to the power of the instructors who use it. No material outlay in any part of the University is profitable or reasonable without a corresponding outlay for instructional service. With the tools must come the brains.

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The College of Law

Also long-seated is the College of Law and here again the University enjoys an honorable distinction not only in the quality of its graduates but also in the eminence of some of the men who have been or are associated with this college. The need of better provision for instruction is the first demand of this college. In time it will no doubt need also further quarters and it is fortunate that the present Library building which for general University purposes should soon be replaced by more adequate quarters is situated in direct proximity to the Law Building. In time it may form the needed provision of library and other facilities for the expanding College of Law.

The College of Medicine

The preparatory or "pre-Medic" course of the College of Medicine is carried on at the Lincoln campus in connection with the facilities there offered. The more closely professional training of Nebraska's physicians is provided for on the campus of the Medical College in Omaha in association with the University Hospital and the School for Nurses.

The removal of the College of Medicine to Omaha in the fall of 1913 marked a new era in medical education in Nebraska. The increase from sixty-eight medical students in 1913 to over two hundred in the fall of 1919 is indicative of the increasing demand for medical training.

The medical plant now comprises two laboratory buildings providing an entire floor for each department and the University Hospital with a capacity of approximately one hundred thirty beds the best and most modern teaching hospital in the West. The hospital conducts a Training School for Nurses with over fifty students. The University Hospital has justified its existence a hundred-fold. Nearly four thousand cases have been received from all parts of the state representing practically every phase of medicine and surgery. These cases have been cared for expeditiously economically and strictly from a humanitarian stand point. The largest percentage of entering cases have been restored to earning capacity.

The College of Medicine is looking forward to a decade of unprecedented development. The citizenship of Nebraska demands leadership in medical sanitary and hygienic thought. Projected construction on the Medical Campus includes a permanent nurses' home and adequate gymnasium and recreation facilities for male and female medical students as well as students in the Nurses' Training School. The hospital which has been operated to capacity for practically an entire year will require enlargement within a comparatively short time and another pressing need is that of a suitable Home for Nurses such as is associated with every great hospital and is altogether essential to an institution which trains a considerable body of young women for this profession.

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Interior view of the Children's Ward in the University Hospital at Omaha. The University of Nebraska not only instructs the mind of the youth it also ministers to the bodily health of the people of the state. "A hale mind in a hale body" is the motto of our state no less than of ancient Greece.

The College of Pharmacy

The rapidly developing College of Pharmacy (for it is but a few years since it was established) is looking forward to the time when a research staff shall be provided and facilities for the experimental growing of drug plants. For the latter purpose a tract of adaptable farm land is needed. This College is now housed in the Old Chemistry Laboratory. In time University Administration will need this site and a new Pharmacy Building will be called for.

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The Teachers College

Of all the independent colleges the Teachers College is most intimately dependent upon the Arts and Sciences. To the liberal work offered by the latter college the Teachers College adds professional and normal training thus enabling University graduates to enter public school work with the equivalent of experience in teaching. The Teachers College in its new building is well provided with instructional facilities. Its primary future need is a training school building to be devoted to secondary education. If the University campus is expanded as it should be to the east of its present limits it will take in and should take over the present Bancroft School of the city of Lincoln. This will afford the Teachers College its desideratum.

The School of Fine Arts

The School of Fine Arts is a special division of the College of Arts and Sciences. It already carries forward educational courses in Drawing and Painting in Music and in Dramatics. The future should see a course of Architecture added to this list and with the advent of a University Press work in photography engraving and the finer types of printing should be mutually developed by the Press and School cooperation. The future home of this School together with adequate housing for the yearly growing collection of works of art of the Nebraska Art Association should be provided as a feature of the monumental building planned for the combined uses of the University Library the Museum and the State Historical Society.

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IV. University Enterprises

A University is primarily a school for the training of youth but its functions cannot be limited to this task. For one thing education is not confined to school years it is pursued by the state's citizens in a multitude of ways throughout life constantly calling upon the central institution for aid and direction. And again the mere fact of the necessary assembling of the resources essential to higher instruction creates a plant which may be and is utilized in a multitude of ways for the welfare of the commonwealth. Thus as it has grown in years the University of Nebraska has been called upon by the state legislatures to assume many functions for which it is the fit state agency until at the present time it conducts enterprises in the service of the state centered in many localities and reaching to every corner with their benefits. The future is not likely to see these enterprises grow fewer it is certain to see the further development of those already in existence.

Agricultural Experiment Stations

Agriculture is and must always be the great economic resource of Nebraska. Nebraska's Agricultural Experiment Stations established under acts of Congress and of the state legislature are closely associated with the College of Agriculture and with the industrial life of the state. In the thirty-three years of their existence these have made notable contributions to the economic welfare of the people of Nebraska repaying to the state many times their own cost and indeed more than the support of the whole University through discovery and dissemination of information useful to farmers and stock-raisers. Agricultural experimentation includes work in crop rotation methods of tillage seeding horticulture problems of dairying and stock raising of plant and animal pathology serum production insect control and in conjunction with the College of Engineering problems of irrigation. Through these and other means the farming of Nebraska is made yearly more scientific and profitable.

The University conducts experimental work at the University Farm in Lincoln which is also the campus of the College of Agriculture at the subsidiary Agronomy Farm a mile and a half from the College of Agriculture at the Fruit Farm in Cass county near Union and at the North Platte the Scottsbluff and the Valentine Substations. While the combined government and state support for these stations has enabled them to work effectively the future will undoubtedly see in them a growing importance. The Agronomy and Fruit Farms are recent acquisitions and call for material development while an additional half section for research in Animal Husbandry is needed. The North Platte and Scottsbluff substations are in need of irrigation development at the latter place in connection with the new School of Irrigation.

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In the nature of public education is the Extension Service of the College of Agriculture jointly supported by the University of Nebraska and by the United States Department of Agriculture. Its function is to supply practical instruction through its Farm Bureau by means of short courses in agriculture and home economics and to disseminate information through the publication of Bulletins and Extension News. Service of this type will grow in importance with time and is indeed a special feature of the Public Service for which the University is planning on broadened lines.

Conservation and Soil Survey Department

Supported by an independent state appropriation but under the control of the Board of Regents and the Chancellor of the University is the Conservation and Soil Survey Department whose function it is to supply the state's communities with expert information relative to the resources physical and social of the state. Soil climate water mineral game resources are surveyed and their proper conservation advised while matters pertaining to industrial educational and social welfare fall also within the province of the survey. The department combines scientific research with expert advice and is very properly housed and maintained by the University which supplies the subsidiary experts in the sciences engineering economics etc. called upon for service by its director.

Public Health

The University's contribution to the health of the people of Nebraska comes from a number of its colleges. Broadly speaking the work of preserving the public health is preventive and curative. The work of prevention is almost as broad as the scope of University instruction for at the center of health in every community lies that public morale to which all education intellectual moral and physical contributes. There are however many specific contributions to the prevention of disease made by the several colleges. The College of Engineering is largely responsible for the sanitary equipment and organization of Nebraska's communities the Teachers College makes the proper construction of school houses and the care of children a feature of its instruction the work done in Physical Training not only builds up the physique of the youth who come to the campus but supplies leaders in this work for many communities and finally through specific research especially in the fields of bacteriology and pharmacy the sources and control of disease are investigated.

The curative work is hardly less broad and is indeed of perhaps greater direct moment. Medicine Dentistry and Psychology offer free clinical services in addition to their training of men and women for the many communities calling for them in connection with which it is deserving of notice that there are still many centers in Nebraska virtually without the services of qualified physicians

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and that the University College of Medicine must have a greatly increased support if this demand is to be met.

The campus of this college is situated in Omaha where after the preliminary work has been completed in connection with the College of Arts and Sciences in Lincoln the special training of the physician is completed. The School of Nurses is also conducted in Omaha. In connection with these is located the University Hospital whose hundred and fifty beds supplied by the state for the use of patients who cannot afford other attention are constantly filled. The immediate need of the service is a home for nurses necessary for the success of the hospital service. Bulletins are issued by the College of Medicine in the interests of the public health. Special lectures on health and nursing are provided also in Lincoln in connection with the work in Bacteriology Pharmacy and Physical education. The statewide expansion of this work through bulletins and lecturers is one of the certain demands which the future will make upon the University.

Library and Museums

Of all the enterprises conducted by the state the collection of museum materials and the formation of libraries are doubtless of the most lasting value. The University Library is the seat and substance of the Arts College and of the Graduate College and it is also the great reference center for the state accessible to the whole state through the public service which the library maintains both in the

These beautiful pages illuminated in red blue green and gold are chosen from the many in this superb early fifteenth century manuscript - one of the treasures of the University Library

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way of research and in the loaning of books. What books are to the liberal arts museums are to the natural sciences: they are illustrated libraries of human culture and of natural history. The University Museum is already one of which the state should be proud but it is far from being what the resources of Nebraska could and should provide. Nebraska is in the midst of one of the world's richest fossil beds its soils are every year being mined by the eastern museums of collections which should be ours and every year the University is being deprived of important collections which it would receive as gifts were the museum facilities provided.

The State Historical Society and the Legislature Reference Bureau are other state activities affiliated with the University and at present housed it its library building. Their collections both of books and museum materials and their offices are such as naturally invited relationship with the University Library and Museum and the future should see the whole group of institutions housed in a monumental building which would not only be of continuous service to the students of the University but especially in its museum would invite visits from the savants of many lands. Further it would afford a free entertainment to the many annual visitors from all parts of the state for the museums are at all times nodes of attraction.

The need of a building to house these enterprises is one of the most urgent in the whole program of the University. Both the present Library and the Museum have long been outgrown college work is constantly hampered for want of reading-room facilities and there are many service enterprises such as the development of book-loaning of liberty instruction of library and museum exhibits which cannot be undertaken until the housing is provided. When the building comes it should be one of the most beautiful of the state's monuments and it could well invite private endowments. Many a five and ten thousand dollars goes into an ineffectual tombstone. Such sums could set up special exhibits furnish seminar rooms and library alcoves adorn with works of art and accompanied by a commemorative tablet from a memorial of lasting dignity and value. The universities of other communities receive such gifts is Nebraska unworthy of them?

Public Service and University Extension

The University as a whole is created for the service of the public but there are certain activities which reach the public more directly than do others. These are embraced in the work of Public Service and of University Extension now being reorganized to meet the yearly growing demand and to enable the University more effectually to go to the people. The program of the near future calls for a number of such activities to be either nearly undertaken or extended from present beginnings.

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News and Bulletin Service - The College of Agriculture has developed a most valuable public service within its own field in the form of newsletters and bulletins. Similar work from the other colleges may prove of the highest value to the public of Nebraska. Problems of economics, labor and finance; applications of science; library administration and advice as to the purchase of books; matters relating to the social welfare of the state's communities; the answering of the

Black and white photograph

Scene in the crowded University Museum. The great tusked is that of the Colombian Elephant found twelve feet underground at Campbell, Nebraska. The animal lived 25,000-50,000 years ago; he stood fifteen feet high; within the spread of his 13 foot tusks nearly a hundred men could stand.

many questions which continually reach the University, not only requesting information, but frequently guidance at local undertakings, -- all this is reasonable service from the University to the state, and the University is the only state institution in a position to supply it.

Lectures and Entertainments - The University is also in a position to supply the communities of the state with lecturers and to some extent with dramatic and other entertainments. The call for lecturers, for either single addresses or lecture courses, is steady; and the success of "University Week" has demonstrated that here is a field for which an appreciation reception is but awaiting its fuller organization.

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Extension Instruction - Of even more importance is the extension of the University's teaching to meet the demands of men and women, young and old, for instruction which they cannot go to the campus to secure. Not all University subjects can be successfully taught by extension means, but there is little doubt that Nebraska is capable of offering far more than hitherto. It is planned to give this instruction in two forms. The first is by correspondence. Attractively printed syllabi of courses, accompanied by book lists, are feasible in many lines of University work; and the work undertaken may be directly supervised by correspondence passing through the office of the director of Extension Instruction. The second form is through travelling lecturers, who can arrange to give three to six weeks to a community, offering university work in conjunction with the local school and clubs. The demand for such instruction already exists in the state. It is for the University to supply it.

University Press

For the highest utilization of the University's facilities, in many lines, a University press is imperative. At present the University's publications fall into a variety of classes: (1) Official publications, including Catalogs, Bulletins, Reports, etc. (2) Learned Publications, including the University Studies in science and letters, and other series. (3) Periodical Publications. (5) Publicity, including news editing, printing and publishing of these involved a business which calls for the early establishment of a Press, which should in itself prove of great value in the training of young people for editorial and publishing careers. The most famous publishers in the world are university presses, and it is to be hoped that the time is not far distant when a Nebraska University Press will hold an honorable place among the others.

Black and white photograph

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V. STUDENT LIFE

A university is not formed merely of its administrative and teaching officers; an integral part of it is its students, present and past. The Freshman who matriculates is presenting himself as a candidate for incorporation into the very life of the institution which is to be his Alma Mater, and from the hour when he first sets foot upon his college's campus he is, as it were, naturalized into a new mode of being; thenceforth, as student or alumnus, he is to live as a member of a collegiate family, owing and owning filial and fraternal duties to all his college associates. This is a part of the tradition of university life, and much of its charm; and it became perforce a matter of pride that the student life of each college shall develop its own spirit, marking the man and making the institution, which eventually spreads its influence and character wherever its graduates go.

Like every other university Nebraska has its own character and the Nebraska man his own traits. The character is born and the traits developed in the years of undergraduate residence and study, the period of life which is called "student life" and which may and should be made not only profitable but memorably delightful. That the Nebraska spirit in the past has done much toward the making of its men, every graduate knows; but that it may do still more in the future, none can doubt. As a part of the life of the state, student life should be made a continual enrichment of the whole; and it is altogether likely that in this more than in any other phrase the University will find its early growth.

Dormitories and Commons

Certainly there is no need of the University which is at present so sharp as is the need for proper student housing in Lincoln. Student attendance has outgrown the rooming facilities provided by the city, and these facilities are not themselves of the kind which favors the best and most attractive student life. The immediate need is for dormitories, built for cleanly living and comfortable study, arranged about game-courts and park spaces, and designed for as great seclusion as the locality will permit. Women's dormitories should naturally come first, but similar provision for men is desirable, for all their best interests. Elaborate construction is not necessary; an attractive cottage construction is all that comfort calls for, together with the space for outdoor life which dormitory association so thoroughly fosters. There should also be commons, or combined dining halls and club houses for student use; and if sufficient territory may be obtained and dormitories be erected upon the requisite scale the time should come when each college should have not only its dormitory center, but its own social club. Out of such associations a new student life could not but develop, to the great gain in health and spirit of the whole institution.

Plans for dormitory development are already formed. At first the enterprise must be undertaken on a limited scale, women's quarters early in view. But before arrangements can be made for more than a very limited series of years, new campus areas must be secured. The campus in the city of Lincoln is still too small for the necessary instructional buildings which the University must provide. Extensions of territory on every side of the instructional area are immediately desirable, and it is hoped that there may soon be state provision whereby these may be secured. As dormitory properties take care of themselves financially, once they are in operation, the financial problems involved should be easily shelved; there should be little or no permanent burden upon the taxpaying public. And once they were in operation, Nebraska would have made her finest possible contribution to the health of her student life.

Athletics

In connection with the dormitories and expanding beyond them should come one of the greatest of the future additions to the opportunities of student life, playing fields for the outdoor activities of all the students for all the year. Nebraska is as yet weak in its provision for outdoor sports and games in which all may participate. There should be an extensive program of field construction, looking to an eventual college life in which each member of the University should find accessible and inviting the opportunity for sport and exercise. The dormitory parks, liberally supplied with tennis, handball, and basket-ball courts, could supply this in no small measure; but beyond the limits of the dormitories there should

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be park spaces for base-ball, soccer, for ice-skating and for winter sports, as well as for football and track and field events. The ideal of the University should be that of a true Gymnasium, in the Greek sense, where the cultivation of physical well-being should be the foundation of the cultivation of the mind, and both should create the moral idealism which it is the duty of every educational institution to inspire.

Nebraska has already set herself consciously toward a program of development of intra-mural athletics. In bringing a new director to take charge of this work the University is looking forward with high hopes to the day when she may become a leader in a work of such moment. But it must be remembered that no director can achieve results without the material provision of campus space and apparatus; and these the state should provide for the well-being of its youth. Inevitably a dormitory system in which each resident quadrangle should be organized with its own courts and commons would result in the rapid creation of a healthy intra-mural rivalry between the different quads, while similar rivalries could keep the several colleges and physically alert. Thus life at Nebraska would develop a perpetual Olympic, the saner for being the more neighborly and spirited.

Nor would its influence be confined to the college campus. The years would be few, indeed, before the University's graduates, returning to the communities of the state, would have taken with them the insight into the possibilities of physical health which the college training will give. It is the highest ambition of the new physical director to make of the University the core of a movement which shall spread to every town center and village green in the state, pointing the way to the realization of the ideal of physical fitness in young and old. Nebraska, as shown by army records, is supplied with as good human material as is to be found anywhere; it stands in the belt of physically superior men. With such material upon which to found the program, not many years should elapse before the state should be known as leader in the development of a hale and ready, mentally trained and physically fit, American citizenship. This is the University ideal.

Armory and Drill Plaza

The need of a state center of physical training, in this broader sense in which it is the rounded equipment of upstanding men and women, has been emphasized in the public mind by the war and its calls up the youth of the land. The University, during the war, was called upon to give special training to hundreds of young soldiers and to many women who were to become nurses and social workers. This work had in part been performed by the Department of Military Science, with the cooperation of the United States Government; and in the recent war, as in the past, the record of Nebraska's collegians in the nation's service has been one which the state is proud to commemorate. The future, no less than the past, is to see the continuance of this cooperation; and the Military Department is

already strengthened over any past condition, through the appreciative corporation of the United States Government. The time should come when the University should own (perhaps as an endowment from Congress) an armory and drill plaza, which should enable that training in the use of arms which all free states must have, not for the encouragement of militarism, but for the preservation of national liberties.

Gymnasium and Stadium

But it is not merely, indeed, not chiefly, the outward armories that create national preparedness. The seat of it is the bodies and minds of the citizens, men and women. It is in appreciation of this fact that members of the American Legion and public-spirited citizens of Nebraska, who are believers in the University ideals, are launching a public solicitation for gifts that shall bring to the campus as fine a monument as could be conceived, dedicated at once to the state's martial dead and to its conception of a devoted public service. The University has long since outgrown the provision made for its athletic; gymnasia are needed for both men and women; and plans are already drawn for a structure which may be early realized, and which shall become the center of Nebraska's athletic life.

The structure is to be more than an incident of the University. It is to be a veritable state institution, and in a truly fine sense, for it is to be given, not through taxation, but through the free generosity of a grateful people, who will place it upon the campus as the appropriate seat for such a living memorial to the departed as it is to become through generations of association with all the idealism which the University can foster and which the past can exemplify. As designed, the new memorial Gymnasium will face with pillared front down Twelfth street, just beyond Bessey Hall, thus having as fine an approach as could be asked. It is conceived and will be erected along broad lines, with a vision to future enlargements; it will be provided with all suitable apparatus; and it will be adorned with memorials of all those sons of the state (whether or not they have been in personal contact with the University, for it was none the less theirs, in that they were Nebraskans) who have died in the military service. Such a monument should be a lasting lesson in patriotism, in the truest of Americanism, as it will also be a daily example for the youth who throng its ways.

In connection with the Gymnasium, there is planned a stadium for the great inter-collegiate and all-state events. This will be on a site embracing that of the present Athletic Field and it is to be large enough to accommodate the crowds, yearly growing in size, which assemble to the great "Cornhusker" events, football the crown of them. With such an edifice Nebraska may hope for a future in the great events of even more distinction than has been her record of the past, honorable as it is. And with such an edifice as its center, the development of physical well-being, fostered by the University, will become yearly a more deeply engrafted character of the good life of the commonwealth.

Assembly Hall and Chapel

Until Nebraska possesses a hall large enough to enable the whole University to assemble as one, it will never become fully conscious of its own power nor will it ever develop to the highest that fine morale which is the essence of the best college spirit. On the great University occasions, Commencement and the annual festivals, such a hall is comparatively needed; and as it is needed also for other state activities, such as state conventions of many types, it is proper that the University should afford the facility, necessary to itself and useful to all.

An assembly hall with a capacity of not less than five thousand should be planned for this purpose and so placed that it will be accessible not only to the University but to other groups of citizens, called for public purposes to the Capital City of the state. The hall should open upon campus spaces which could be utilized for academic functions in a manner suiting their essential dignity and possible beauty, and it could and should in time be adorned with works of art, mural and sculptural, which would suggest to all assembled in their presence the best life and the highest ideals which Nebraska aspires to make her own.

On the University campus there must also come, in time, a college chapel. This should not be sectarian, but it should provide facilities for the religious assemblages of the many groups of students who now own membership in religious organizations, and it should be open to the use of the student pastors with which

several denominations have supplied the campus. Such a chapel should possess and organ, and facilities for the oratories and other musical events which are compatible with a place dedicated to religion. Possibly (as with many other universities) such a chapel may be secured through private benefaction.

A third place of assemblage which the future should being to realization is a "Greek theatre" - an outdoor stage and assembly circle which could see the enactment of Shakespeare, of the classical plays of all lands, ancient and modern, which could give the opportunity for pageants and masques, for outdoor music, choric, band or orchestral, and for the myriad of festal uses to which a structure is certain to be put. This theatre would inevitably become not only the center of community are for the University, but the teacher of such art to all Nebraska; and in its influence, first through example, later through imitation, it would sooner or later reach every village in the state, to the lasting beautification of the life of all. While the permanent creation of such a structure must perhaps be delayed into the future, site for it must early, if ever, be obtained, and no distant date should see its temporary realization.

The Student Citizen

University life is a part of the life of the people of the state of Nebraska. Students are citizens of the state, sojourning for a time under advantages provided at the public expense, because the public realizes that its eventual welfare demands a body of trained men and women as the leaders and preservers of the democracy. The benefit is mutual, to the state and to the student. Nevertheless, no student at the University should fail to understand that the privileges of education afforded him by the University are such as call for a full return to the public, that his student life is a part of his life as a citizen and implies the realization of the citizen's duties. The University exists, not for private benefaction, but for the public welfare: and the essence of its morale is the consciousness of this act and the acceptance of the responsibilities which it implies. In no sense is the university student a man apart from his community; he is a living member of society, with full social duties.

For the conscious emphasis of this fact, Nebraska is peculiarly fortunate in its situation. Placed, not in an obscure college town, isolated in spirit, but in the very center of the state's political life, its Capital City, the University of Nebraska is, for or students and instructor alike, in perpetual contact with the whole range of public interests; and the life of the student in its colleges is not only given over to book and laboratory, but is also environed with the spirit of public affairs. It was a happy wisdom of University’s founders that they placed the first seat of the institution in the state's political capital; and it is the purpose and program of the University leaders not only to make the youth of the state who come to its halls conscious of their privileges, but to return them yearly to their several communities with an emphasized sense of the act that they, like the state's chosen legislators, are but representatives of the people, from who they have received a trust and to whom they owe a return.

VI. Campus Expansion

The original campus staked out for the University of Nebraska comprised the space of four city blocks, lying between R and T, Tenth and Twelfth streets, as Lincoln was platted. At the center of this square of prairie the first college building was erected, old U. Hall. Both the building and the campus space were ample for the simple activities of the early years, but time and growth have brought many changes. Building after building was added on the old campus, heterogeneous in style and planless in conception, until U Hall had become the center of a quadrangle of badly aligned buildings, having neither harmony of style nor centrality of design. Chancellor Canfield, early in the '90's, advanced a plan for the architectural unification of the campus, but his ideas did not reach to territorial expansion, and the plan was no more than a passing dream. As time passed, however, the matter of campus pressure became more and more acute. The original four-block square was outgrown, and first the University Temple, later the athletic field, occupied adjacent lots. Then came the general realization of the necessity for a considerable campus enlargement, and with it, talk of removal to the University Farm, on the borders of Lincoln, which had in the meantime been acquired for the College of Agriculture and its attendant activities. The issue was sharp and partisan, removal or city and expansion; sentiment won the day, old U Hall was not to be abandoned to wreckers; the University was to remain a down-town school.

Several years were occupied in making this decision, which was referred by the Regents to the Legislature and by the Legislature to a public referendum. The people of Nebraska, by general ballot, settled upon the city location and it became at once necessary for the institution to plan campus expansion. Chancellor Avery took the initiative wisely asking that the territorial expansion be accomplished by a definition of building policy which should result in some kind of harmony in architectural and landscape features. Land was acquired, through the cooperation of state and city enterprise, more than trebling the original campus, so that at present the University owns a town campus of approximately fourteen city blocks (about forty acres), extending from Tenth to Fourteenth streets, between R and U streets, and north of U to the Vine street line back of the original campus. Plans have been drawn for the utilization of this campus, which even from the point of view of present needs will soon be crowded, and four of the new-planned buildings (Bessey Hall, Chemistry, Social Sciences, and Teachers College) have been erected. But already it is clear that the campus space provided is altogether inadequate. There is about to be put into effect a new intra- and extra-mural athletic program which calls for vastly enlarged playing fields, something heretofore not contemplated. There is an even more urgent need for dormitories; Lincoln is already unable to house the students who wish to secure the advantages of the state school. There is needed far more space than is in sight for activity buildings, such as

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assembly hall, armory and drill plaza, gymnasia, and the like; and it is by no means certain that the campus now owned is adequate even for the instructional plant which will be necessary within a very few years if the University continues to grow. Indeed, it is virtually certain that the University of Nebraska cannot build rapidly enough to supply the facilities for higher education demanded by Nebraska boys and girls and their parents. Buildings are crowded before they are erected, and the pressure for admission constantly outdistances the provision of room. Under such circumstances there is but one policy to be pursued and this is now in the plans of the Chancellor and Board of Regents. All the territory adjacent to the present campus that can be procured should be obtained by University buildings and fields. The need is urgent; the opportunity is yearly less favorable; time is money, and, of even more importance, time is state education; every year's delay keeps a percentage not only from them and their families, but the whole commonwealth.

The Lay of the Land

When the city campus situation is examined directly, the possibilities of expansion are seen to be limited. The present campus lies on the northern edge of the plateau-like level upon which central Lincoln is built. There are valley-like depressions near its boundaries in three directions, west, north and east, and in each of these depressions there are railroads, with freight yards. The main lines entering Lincoln course along the valley to the north, several of them entering by a sharp turn in the region west of the campus, one, the Rock Island, following the Antelope Valley some blocks to the east. All in all, the University campus is the main feature of a peninsula-like projection of north central Lincoln, having very definite territorial limited; and if the University is not in a very few years to be suffocated by the growth of the city on the one side and the railroad yards on the other, this entire region must be secured for college campus. There is but one other direction in which campus extension is remotely possible--southward from R street; but even if the college were enabled to secure, say the land between R and Q streets, it is not conceivable that it could go farther south; already it would be upon a predominantly business street.

Defined by streets, the available space for campus expansion extends northward from R to the Missouri Pacific right-of-way and from Ninth street to Seventeenth. This gives a territory of eight blocks length, along R, and varying in depth from six blocks at the Seventeenth street line to four where the railroads curve south into the city at the western end of the region. The total territory embraces approximately 250 acres. Within this territory the present campus occupies the greater part of the south central highland, which continues east to a sharp drop at Seventeenth, while to the west it slopes downward more gently

PLAN FOR NEBRASKA'S FUTURE

Architectural study showing the desired utilization of the "University Zone" in the city of Lincoln--extending from Ninth to Seventeenth streets, east and west, and from Q street to the Missouri Pacific railroad, south and north. The present campus line between Tenth and Fourteenth streets, and north from R street as far as the general line of Vine street. This area must be given over completely to instructional and athletic buildings, and is entirely inadequate even for those the need of which is now felt. The extension plan provides for additional space for the College of Engineering to the west of the present campus, and in the vicinity of railroad service; for dormitories and playing fields (for which there is now no space) north of the instructional campus; for a strip of University residence blocks, for students and instructors, between R and Q streets; and for the utilization of the nine blocks directly east of the instructional area, i.e. between Fourteenth and Seventeenth, and north from R, as a great community center, for the University and the State, to be given over to those University buildings which are most public in their character, of service alike to the University and the people. The drill plaza, outdoor theatre, astronomical observatory, special institutions, and above all a large auditorium, needed alike by the University and the public, would completely occupy this area. When the Rock Island Railroad removes from its present location to the east of the campus (as it is hoped and expected that it will) this eastern area of the campus should be made the center of a radiating system of boulevards, connecting with all the state institutions of the Capitol City, and rendering it the most generally accessibly site in Lincoln. from Tenth street and to the north from the general line of U street. The high land not now possessed by the University comprises therefore the nine city blocks lying between R and U, Fourteenth and Seventeenth streets; while of another nature is the land north of U and west of Tenth streets.

The character of these available areas should determine their uses. It is, of course, desirable that all study, laboratory and lecture buildings should be as secluded as possible, removed both from the noises of city traffic and the jar of the rails. This can mean only an eastward-looking policy for these buildings; the axis of the campus must run east and west. It should mean also that the tutorial campus should be surrounded so far as possible by quiet residence districts, and this latter may be secured, in the midst of such a growing city as Lincoln, only by University control of the regions immediately adjacent to the University, - that is, the territories lying between Ninth and Tenth, west of the campus, between U and the railroads north, and if possible between R and Q to the south should be secured for dormitory and athletic expansion, not only in the interests of these needs, but also for the welfare of the college instruction. Further, if, as should be, the Rock Island railroad can be removed from the Antelope valley to the east, the only possible direction for the still greater growth of the institution will be opened. This is not likely to occur on a campus scale within early years, but there is already a sharp need for boulevard connection of the city and farm campuses; such a boulevard could begin only here at the east; and were it laid out upon a sufficiently generous scale there can be little doubt that it would build up as a "University Row" - dormitories, fraternity houses, faculty homes, etc., - very rapidly.

Possibilities

Having thus indicated the possibilities of the territorial expansion of the campus, the manner of its utilization and arrangement is in point. It is, of course, impracticable to present more than suggestive plans, once the territory were acquired, careful and detailed plans should be drawn, governing the placing and use of all buildings and open spaces; but until then only tentative outlines are possible.

Certain arrangements, however, are obviously necessary upon any plan. Fourteenth street is a section road north from Lincoln, which cannot be closed; Tenth street is the main road to the northeast; Seventeenth is the chief route to the State Fair Ground. East and West, both R and Vine streets are important and necessary streets. These streets must remain open, no matter in what direction the campus may expand; all other within the area defined may be closed without inconvenience, and indeed to advantage.

Assuming these as traffic streets, the main features of the campus development follow inevitably. For reasons already mentioned, the instructional campus should be central, upon the high land, bounded by R, Vine, Tenth, Seventeenth. The

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remaining territories with two exceptions should or could be devoted to dormitories, with contiguous game-courts and parks. The exceptions comprise, first, the territory directly north of the original campus. This now contains the Athletic Park, which should be extended northward to the railroads, next to which, as centrally as possible, should be placed the power and heat plant for the whole campus; in general, the territories north of T to the railroad and between Tenth and Twelfth would be embraced in the area, which is expected to contain also the Memorial Gymnasium and the Stadium. The second non-dormitory addition should comprise, west of Tenth street to Ninth and north of S, a block which may be devoted to the future development of those heavier forms of engineering which require direct railroad service. Heavy machinery and noisy shops should be concentrated here. There would then remain three and possibly four areas for dormitory expansion. First, the city block, Ninth to Tenth, R to S, which might well be converted into Law School and Engineering dormitories, with a Commons; and which should certainly be controlled by the University as a protection against railroad encroachment. Second, the strip, seven blocks long, from Tenth to Seventeenth, between R and Q, which the University should control even if it did not own the land, and which ought to be kept for student housing, college shops, society halls, and the like. Third, the squares lying between Twelfth and Fourteenth and Seventeenth, north of Vine to the right-of-way, which might be developed, the westward for men's and the eastward for women's dormitory and playing-field grounds. The fourth possible expansion would be along the line of the State Farm Boulevard, were it properly laid out to the east of the campus. Properly built up, the first three of the areas mentioned should house a student population of six thousand. As the resident population is already more than four thousand, it will be seen that even this, taking in all available territory, leaves no vast margin for the increased attendance which ensuing years are certain to bring.

The territories in question are at present mostly occupied by buildings of cheap construction. They are on land that is low in price, especially on the railroad sites, and land which has reason to fear railroad encroachment. By proper seclusion and parking they could readily be made attractive as dwelling-places for students. All dormitory systems naturally face inwards about tennis and other game-courts; the buildings themselves form the walls, and the student life thus becomes intra-mural in the literal sense. Accompanied by Commons, conveniently placed, all the northern part of the campus might thus become a great park, the center of student life.

The Instructional Campus

The development of the instructional campus is predetermined both by its past history and by considerations such as have been here advanced. The main part of it must inevitably lie between Tenth and Fourteenth, R and Vine, all open streets. Within this area the character of the several parts is already defined or planned. Law is settled in southwest corner of the original campus, and to it the present Library Building may eventually be added. There is certainly no more than the necessary room for the natural growth of the Administration group in the opposite south front, where Administration and Pharmacy now stand. Engineering already virtually pre-empts the north half of the old campus, and its natural expansion, as has been indicated, is towards the railroads to the west. Physics will probably remain for years in its present location, and U Hall will be long maintained as a lecture building, possibly eventually to be taken over by Mathematics. The present Gymnasium may be temporarily given over to the women of the University, when a new gymnasium is built, but eventually they must have one of their own, and the present building may then possibly be converted into a University Press. Across the street, Social Sciences and Teachers College form the wings of a parallelogram whose center, as is planned is to be the combined Library and Museum of the future. Bessey is now the solitary outpost of a future quadrangle of buildings to be devoted to the biological sciences. Eastward there is space for a large lecture hall for Literature and the Languages, which is certain to become necessary, and here also might eventually be placed the College of Business Administration. Such an arrangement would fill the whole of the present campus with exception of that part of it which is devoted to Athletics. It is planned to erect the stadium on a site embracing that of the present Football Field, while the new Gymnasium is to stand square across Twelfth street, facing U. In order that this site may be satisfactorily accessible, there should be a Tenth street entrance to the stadium, the Vine street access should be kept open to the east, Twelfth should be an open ingress as far as the Gymnasium and auto park space should be provided. All this is quite possible, along the lines of present places.

The axis of this campus, as has been said, is north and south. Following the plans as already developed, there is nothing to interfere with the creation of what would eventually become the chief beauty of the whole, and that is a broad parked Mall running from Tenth street eastward along the line just north of what was S street. This Mall would become the veritable campus center, having branched inlets at intervals, making all parts accessible. Twelfth street would form one such inlet, north and south, and if the decorative idea now represented by the porticoed fronts of Chemistry and Social Sciences were consistently carried out, and a columned portico provided as the entrance to the new Gymnasium it could become a columned court of great majesty, in fact, it might well be called the Court of Columns. A second inlet should be opposite the entrance planned for the

Black and white photograph

The pillared facade of the new Social Sciences hall

proposed Library. This is to stand across Thirteenth street, on the S street line, facing northward. S street north to U would naturally become a second court, which might appropriately terminate in a "Cornhusker Commons" providing meal and club rooms for the men of the contiguous dormitories. On the R street front the campus entrances would be the present one at the end of Eleventh, which surely should be preserved, with old U Hall intact, for sentimental as well as useful reasons; the Twelfth street entrance to the Court of Columns; the entrance astride Thirteenth at R into the monumental building which should be there erected to house the University collections, museum and books; via Tenth and Fourteenth streets, direct access to the Mall. Thus the campus would be arranged with maximum convenience and beauty both for visitors and for the resident body of students.

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The Future to the East

There still remains for consideration the territory embraced in the possible extension eastward, from fourteenth to Seventeenth between R and Vine Streets. As a matter of economy, in view of its present rapid building up to structures of a better class, this is the territory which it is most important that the University acquire at an early date. Many of the houses now within this region can be used for many years for student housing, but the University should control the property, with a view to its own necessary growth in this direction.

In its utilization this territory would naturally be devoted to interests for which there is no room on the older campus. The present Bancroft school building, erected by the city, would naturally be taken over to supply the need of a practice school for the Teachers College. In its vicinity, both because this is a part of the campus most used by women and because of the nearness of women's dormitories, should naturally be erected a Women's Commons, a Women's Gymnasium with field adjacent, and a Women's Building for social activities. All of these, together with a University Chapel, which must someday come, would naturally appear in the area east of Bancroft and north of the line of the Mall, which itself ought to be extended from Fourteenth to Seventeenth streets. There would also be room, toward Fourteenth street, for the Armory and Drill Plaza, which the military work of the University calls for, and a well-placed Observatory Park for the department of Astronomy. Two other buildings are called for. Fifteenth street, north from the site of the new State Capitol, will certainly be opened up, as far as R street as a Boulevard. Facing the Capitol, down this boulevard, is the logical site for a monumental building, and the needs, not only of the University and the city, but all of the state, call for a large assembly or convention hall, more than for any other structure. There is space enough for a very considerable community building here, not only with a great central auditorium, but with the necessary committee rooms and smaller convention and exhibitions rooms, - a building that could serve civic, university, and public needs on a multitude of occasions, from State Fair week to Winter Exhibitions, and from Commencement Day to All-University Night. Not a week but would see the building in use for some function for which there is now no adequate housing in the city; and the building, since it would so serve the city, ought to be erected by combined state and city effort.

The final structure, which should complete our ideal campus, should stand at the east end of the Mall, facing down the parked way toward the Engineering Hall on Tenth street. This locality is the only one in central Lincoln where an out-door theatre, a "Greek" theatre, might feasibly be placed. The ground is comparatively high, with a sharp drop to the east. In time, with the removal of the Rock Island yards, it might be expected that the Antelope Valley below would be converted into a park and boulevard center, giving an attractive approach. In any case, if surrounded by tall-growing trees, and given a proper architectural

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dignity, a theatre here placed could and would become not only the crown of the campus, in the matter of beauty, but the center of all those fine activities, dramatic and festal, which the glorious sunshine of Nebraska to the out-of-doors.

"Town and Gown"

Thus the University campus would be complete, the seat of a great school for many centuries we might hope. Its central feature would be the broad parked way, the Mall, extending from Tenth and Seventeenth, and affording a site not only for the varied student life of passing generations, for the professionals of Commencement Day and other academic functions, for fetes and celebrations as picturesque as fancy could make them, but also for constant beautification with statuary, tablets, fountains or other memorials, as the grateful classes should leave these monuments behind them. There would be also reasonable provision for other public activities connected with a great University,--for the instruction and the living accommodation of students, these first; for athletic training and other forms of outdoor life; for the cultivation of the sciences in laboratories; for the building up of the library and museums which are essential not only to the University, but to the state and to the museums which are essential not only to the University press, needed that its work may be fully effective; for the administrative offices within which not only intra-mural but also extension work should be performed to the benefit of all. The initial cost of such a plant would be returned many times and in a myriad of ways within a brief span of the life of the commonwealth.

Should the city of Lincoln carry out its projected civic developments these could bring added advantages. In its present quarters the University is cramped, is in peril of suffocation, but with a broad-sighted and foresighted policy, securing at an early date the control of the needed territories, the University's central location will prove in many ways of growing benefit. It will continue to give what in the past it has given, an intimate union of "town and gown," and it will make the U. of N. man more than ever distinctive as one familiar with affairs. There are also physical advantages. The University will directly face the state Capitol, and with its library and its staff of experts should be of help to the legislators, judges and administration of the state. It will stand at the confluence of the public road system of Lincoln. North and south, through the campus will run an important section road, Fourteenth, paralleled by two other important highways, Tenth and Seventeenth. East and west, Vine and R streets will give direct communication with still more important highways which run through Lincoln in these directions. Antelope Valley should be opened up as a boulevard tapping the campus at Seventeenth, and there also should start a Farm Campus boulevard broad enough to take care of the inter-campus traffic, growing from year to year. The University, in fact, would stand at the center of a boulevard

system, leading by direct road from the campus to the State Fair Grounds, the State Farm, the east and west O street highways, the Lincoln High School campus and Antelope Park, the State Capitol, the state eleemosynary and penal institutions to the south and west (with which every future citizen should have some acquaintance), with Capitol Beach to the west. It is a principle of topographical good sense that roads should lead as easily as possibly to some significant terminus. The University, as should be, with this enlarge campus, would be the key to the road-system of the capitol city.

CHART OF ENROLLMENT SHOWING GROWTH OF NEBRASKA'S UNIVERSITY DURING THE PAST FIFTY YEARS AND THE STEEP CURVE OF EXPANSION (ITS PRESSURE IS ALREADY BEING FELT) WHICH MAKES THE IMMEDIATE UPBUILDING OF "A GREATER UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA" IMPERATIVE

VII. THE IMMEDIATE NEED

Such a program as has been outlined is not to be achieved as the result of a single effort. It can be realized only as the result of a continuous effort, carried forward through active years. Nevertheless, it can and should be immediately inaugurated, and those features of it which are the most essential for its compassion should be the stresses of the present hour. They may best be presented to the friends of the University--students alumni, citizens of Nebraska--in the form of a platform, in the hope each one interested in making the University of Nebraska a public benefit in the truest and most lasting sense will make the planks of this platform his own and shape his constructive labors to the foundation they afford. These, then, are the immediate needs, whose satisfaction will be more speedily win the realization of the deal whole:

I. An all-University spirit through all the state. The University has but the one end and its officials but the one desire of giving to the whole state at Nebraska the highest benefits of which such an institution may be capable. The prosperity of the institution depends upon most cordial understanding of the fact that Nebraska is and must always be a school "of the people, by the people and for the people."

II. Financial security in the launching and carrying forward of its program. The University yearly returns to the people of the state more than dollar for dollar, in educational opportunities for its youth and in practical benefits. Truly speaking, it is not a financial burden, but a public investment of great value; and so long as this investment continues to yield returns--and they should increase with the progressive realization of the program--the University should have necessary financial support.

III. Campus expansion in the city of Lincoln. The need for this, especially for the launching and carrying forward of the dormitory and athletic programs, is urgent. The possible areas of expansion are very limited and become yearly more difficult to obtain. It is not to be doubted that state funds appropriated for this purpose, or bonds issued for it, could return all of most of the capital necessary. Public comprehension of the need and public confidence in the plans being laid are all that are necessary for their realization. This need is urgent.

IV. Salary Schedule. The true University is the invisible University. Only so long as it is willing and able to hold and secure the best of teachers can any college maintain its work. If Nebraska is to continue to stand in the rank of the greater school she must be ready to keep her salary schedule on their level. Let us not forget the great teachers of our past; let us never in the future be content with lesser men.

The Nebraska Soldiers' Memorial

Nearly 60,000 Nebraskans wore the uniform of the United States army or navy in the great war. Many of these men saw active service at the front; not a few of them "paid the last full measure of devotion" to the flag. Every city, village, hamlet or countryside contributed to Nebraska's quota. The heart of the whole body politic was stirred as these valiant young men dropped all civic duties, many of them at great personal sacrifice, and marched away to the training camps. Every man and woman was then proud to do them honor, and firmly resolved that nothing should be left undone that would show the high esteem in which they are held - nothing left undone that would show the veneration felt for the brave heroes who lost their lives in the service.

The sentiment pervades the whole State and it has waited somewhat impatiently for suitable expression. There has been a persistent call from all quarters of the State for a monumental structure that would fittingly express the heart of the people in the profound gratitude and affection for the men who wore the uniform and took up arms in defense of the nation.

Patriotic men have taken the matter in hand and are formulating plans for a State-wide drive for funds for building a magnificent memorial building which shall commemorate the lives and deeds of Nebraska's heroes.

The Memorial Building will be a magnificent architectural creation, adequately expressive of the wealth of admiration and veneration felt by Nebraskans for the men who marched to battle to vindicate the principles of democratic government. It will embody in every line the commemorative spirit which pervades the minds of all Nebraskans today.

The interior arrangements will be less praiseworthy. They will meet the utilitarian needs of the day not only with reference to the young manhood of the State in the matter of athletics but also the needs of the various associations of soldiers and sailors who require permanent headquarters and an assembly room that may be available on occasions. These useful facilities will also be available to the women who participated in the various activities incident to the war.

There will be a Stadium, for outdoor athletic events so dear to the hearts of the young citizen soldiery, by means of which they may train for the purpose of keeping the physical man in condition for any duty the future may have in store. This feature, however, has great value to the young men in civil life, war or no war. No less important is the gymnasium which has an important place in the general plan of the memorial structures. It will afford ample facilities for gymnastics, and will be available to the young men and women of the State for generations to come.

The regents of the State University are in hearty accord with the project, and have appropriated a site on the campus of the State University upon which the great memorial structure will be erected.

The prime feature of the building is Memorial Hall, on whose marble walls will be inscribed the names of the great battles in which Nebraskans participated always with distinction; and bronze tablets bearing the names of Gold Star men who fell in the struggle for liberty and the preservation of popular government. Other tablets will bear the names of all Nebraska soldiers as a token of the profound respect in which the people hold them. It will indeed be a gallery of immortals.

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V. Memorial Gymnasium and Stadium.

Nebraska's fiftieth year saw the United States engaged in the world's greatest war. Many of Nebraska's sons and daughters served, not a few of them gave their lives, in this war. The plan for the building of a great Memorial Gymnasium and Stadium - to their lasting commemoration and to the future good of the state, that their service might not end with their deaths -- is as magnificent and worthy as any plan could be. It shall not fail.

VI. Library-Museum. For the public service, not only in an early but in a lasting sense, the state Libraries and Museums, housed by the University, should be given the physical provision commensurate with their value and use. The tithe of the small change annually expended on amusements in Nebraska would build a truly monumental Library-Museum building, affording a free entertainment for all the citizens for all time. Let this be our next.

VII. Instructional Buildings. Every college of the University needs new buildings. The program of building should be resumed at the first practicable moment, the needs of the several colleges being met in that order which the authorities of the University shall deem wisest. The University yearly outgrows its facilities.

VIII. Extension Program. The University now reaches all the state, but many citizens are touched by it only indirectly. Its extension program is designed to bring it in direct contact with all the citizens who can profit by its offerings. It wishes to be coterminous with the body politic, so that to be a citizens of Nebraska shall mean being an "N-man". For the realization of this ideal there must be mutual effort, from the University toward the state's communities, from the communities towards the University. Matriculate now in Nebraska's future!

In this sketch and program the University's needs are shown to be but the natural result of the magnitude of the enterprises which the state of Nebraska has laid upon it. In the past the University has won the confidence and support of the people of the state. It is believed that this public statement of its program of development will fortify their confidence and make secure their support for the future.

"If there is any man who still doubts what the American system of higher education is doing for our country, he should have spent a few days with these young men... Whenever I get to talking of the American college boys and other civilians of the Navy. I find myself indulging in what may seem extravagant praise. I have even been included to suggest that it would be well, in the training of naval officers in the future, to combine a college education with a shorter intensive technical course at the Naval Academy. For these college men have what technical academies do not usually succeed in giving - a general education and a general training which develops the power of initiative, independent thought, an ability to grasp intricate situations, and to master in a short time almost any practical problem."

Admiral Wm. S. Sims, in The World's Work,

February, 1920.